A Journey through War

The 3rd of September has brought many changes to my life that will shape the course of my future for years to come. I have signed up to Join the United States Army and will soon be leaving to fght in the war against Great Britain. The war was officially declared on the 18th of June after President Madison was finally persuaded by the War Hawks to battle the British. Madison stated that â€Å"war with the British was inevitable† and then asked Congress to go to war a few months later.After the president's declaration, I thought about Joining the war effort and was reminded of ll the cruel and outrageous actions that the British had performed against the United States. For many years now, The British have been violating our neutral rights and blocking off the French coast from American trading ships. In addition, the British have also been supporting and giving arms to Indian tribes that raid American cities along the Northwest Territory and block expansion into the west.Lastly and most importantly, the British scum have been practicing the horrid act of impressment on American ships and have been kidnapping thousands of American ailors in the search for Navvy deserters. After reflecting over all of these things, I couldn't help but become overcome with rage and anger. At that very moment, I swore to fght for the army and vowed to claim revenge for Britain's actions. I also promised to avenge all of those who had been impressed by the British Navvy and killed in Indian raids. The British have offended and taken advantage of our nation for long enough.It is time to act and show the Brits that we will no longer tolerate their behavior. August 15, 1812 The war has gotten off to a bad start. A few days after I was accepted into the US army and placed under the command of General William Henry Harrison, Congress had ordered for an attack on the British colony of Canada. Thus, we set out from our fort in Detroit and began marching towards Canada. This was going to be my very first battle and I was very anxious to get my first taste of war. I was confident in my fellow soldiers and believed that victory would be unproblematic and straightforward.However, as we marched to our destination, we were met by the British and a group of Native American warriors who were led by Tecumseh. Our general feared the Indian's vicious war tactics and knew that we would certainly face heavy losses if we engaged the British force. That day we were forced to shamefully surrender Fort Detroit and retreat. After our humiliating defeat, morale among my fellow soldiers was drastically low and we soon began developing doubts about victory. A few weeks later, we yet again attempted to invade Canada, but were once again defeated.After our two defeats, morale was at an all-time low and the only thing that even vaguely cheered us up, was the mention of the USS Constitution. The hip had managed to defeat the British vessel, Guerriere and was nicknamed â€Å"Old Ironsid es† when a shot bounced off its hull during battle. It was one the few victories that was heard about in a sea of losses. P. S. I shall not see war for a very long time control over Lake Erie. October 16, 1813 Today is a glorious day and my fellow soldiers and I are relishing a satisfying victory against the British and their Native American allies.It all started on September 10th, 1813, when Oliver Hazard Perry assembled a fleet of military ships and engaged the British naw in Lake Erie. After a long and bloody battle, the American fleet prevailed and Oliver Perry, watching the battle from Put-in-Bay, Ohio sent General Harrison the message, â€Å"We have met the enemy and they are ours. † With Lake Erie under American control, the British frantically evacuated Fort Detroit and hastily headed back for safety in Canada, but in the end, we were able to intercept their troops and force them to wage war.On October 5th, 1813, we fought the British and their Native American a llies in the Battle of Thames. At the end of the bloody battle, we had defeated the enemy force and had managed to kill Tecumseh, he Native American leader who had aided the British in the war. Our luck did not end here, however. A few days after our victory in the Battle of Thames, we attacked the Canadian town of York and set fire to the parliament buildings. After these victories, morale among my fellow soldiers was higher than ever before and we soon grew confident in victory over the British.August 25, 1814 Yesterday was a sad, sad day in American history that I will never forget for as long as I live. Just a couple of months ago, my fellow soldiers and I had enjoyed a heightened sense of confidence in our chance of victory. We believed that as long as the British were still at war with the French, they would not be able to send the majority of their troops to America and would thus, not be able to pose a large threat. However, several months later, we got news that Britain had managed to defeat the French and their brilliant military leader, Napoleon Bonaparte.With the French out of the way, the British were able to concentrate their military efforts on the war with America and were ready launch an attack. On August 24, 1814, British ships sailed into Chesapeake Bay and unloaded 5,000 troops (led by Major General Robert Ross) hat were headed directly for the nation's heart, Washington, DC. As the British marched towards the capitol, President Madison hastily ordered for the concentration of all nearby troops and the safekeeping of American documents such as the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence, and George Washington's Correspondence.In the Battle of Bladensburg, the recently assembled American defenders tried to hold off the large British attack force, but they were quickly overpowered by the well-trained enemy soldiers. As the British continued to advance towards the capitol, Dolley Madison, the first lady (which I am quite fond of) mazingl y risked her life in order to selflessly save President Washington's painting. She was among the last to evacuate the White House. Moments after Dolleys daring act, the British scoundrels barbarically raided and burned important government buildings such as the Capitol and Library of Congress.The British scum also burned down President Madison's home, the White House, a structure that has long been a symbol of freedom and independence for the American people. There seemed to be nothing we could do to protect the city, but fortunately, as if by the will of god, a iolent hurricane and tornado extinguished the fires and drove the British soldiers back to Benedict. After hearing this shocking story, my dislike for the British turned British again and will try to defend the city of Baltimore which is believed to be the next target for the British troops.September 21, 1814 The month of September has brought two glorious victories to the American people and has provided us with revenge for the burning of Washington. The first victory took place in the city of Baltimore. In the city of Baltimore, American troops were strengthening Fort McHenry for the upcoming British siege while my squad and I were helping fortify the city for the impending land based attack. While doing my work, I recall seeing a large and magnificent American flag hanging over the fort.I later learned that the majestic â€Å"Star Spangled Banner Flag† had been sewed by Mary Young Pickersgill on General George Armistead's orders. The British were advancing towards the city quickly and we needed more time to reinforce our defenses. Thus, it was decided that a group of soldiers led by General John Stricker would be sent out to buy time for the Americans. On September 12, 1814, John Stricker's and Robert Ross's forces fought each other in the Battle of North Point. Although they lost the battle, they had bought us time and had even managed to kill Major General Robert Ross.When the British land force arrived, we were ready for them and were able to hold them back easily. Meanwhile, in Fort McHenry, American soldiers were desperately trying to hold off the British naw and keep the fort alive. If this fort fell to the British, the city might have been destroyed and the war might have fallen into their hands. The American defenders however held firm and after 25 hours of bombardment from the British avy, the Brits finally gave up their assault and retreated. After the long, tiresome fght, we celebrated our amazing victory and shouted into the air.During this period of celebration, Francis Scott Key who had seen the whole battle from his ship and was deeply moved by it wrote the poem â€Å"Defense of Fort McHenry'. The poem was set to the tune of a popular British drinking song and was distributed throughout Baltimore on hand bills. While we celebrated our victory in Baltimore, General Sir George Prevost and his 10,000 British troops departed from Canada and attacked New York in the hopes of apturing the seaside city of Plattsburgh. The attack was easily thwarted when a group of American warships on Lake Champlain defeated the British flotilla.The British realized that control over the lake gave the Americans an advantage over their force and they were required to retreat back to Canada. January 15, 1815 The year of 181 5 has brought the American people another outstanding military victory and the end of a long and tiring war. After being defeated in the Battle of Lake Chaplain, the British realized that war with the USA was detrimental and was simply not worth the effort. On December 24, 1814, Britain and America signed a peace treaty in Ghent, Belgium which officially ended the war between the two nations.However, news of the treaty traveled too slowly and troops were not informed of the war's end quickly enough. Thus, on January 8, 181 5, the British and Americans engaged in one last gruesome battle at New Orleans. In the battle, Andrew Jackson's 4,0 00 American ragtag defenders were heavily outnumbered by the 10,000 British troops. However, the British forgot to bring scaling ladders and by simply staying behind earthen defenses and shooting from behind bales of cotton, Jackson Orleans was saved and Jackson became a national hero.After the ending of the war and the victory at New Orleans, people throughout the nation were feeling proud and honored to be an American. In addition, many Americans started to feel an improved sense of patriotism and nationalism. I myself felt proud to be a part of such a great nation. In a matter of a few years, our young country had grown strong enough to defeat the British army and had even gained the respect of other, much older nations. I believe that this war will define the American people for many years to come.

Intro to finance Essay

Question 1 (5 points) Qin deposits his first paycheck in the bank. The annual interest rate is 12%, but interest is compounded quarterly. The EAR is: 12.00 12.55 12.68 12.44 Question 2 (5 points) Gloria is 35 and trying to plan for retirement. She has put a budget together and plans to save $4,800 per year, starting at the end of this year, in a retirement fund until she is 65. Assume that she can make 7% on her account. How much will she have for retirement at age 65? 499245 144000 453412 345514 Question 3 (5 points) Dominique has just turned 65 and she has deposited her annual payment of $20,000 into her retirement account. She made her first such saving deposit into this fund on her 35th birthday. Dominique has also retired and wants to figure out how much money she has in her retirement account for her retired life. You are Dominique’s friend who knows finance. How much is Dominique’s savings worth today given that the fund has earned an annual return of 5.5%? (Enter just the number without the $ sign or a comma; round off decimals.) Answer for Question 3 Question 4 (5 points) Gerard has estimated that he is going to need enough in his retirement fund to withdraw $75,000 per year beginning on his 66th birthday and for 19 additional years thereafter. How much will Gerard need in his retirement account at age 65 if his fund is expected to earn an annual return of 9.5%? 995733 660929 1500000 644324 Question 5 (10 points) Rachna is considering a life insurance plan that will require her to pay a premium of $200 every year for the next 40 years. She wants to make sure that she is able to make this payment and wants to put away a lump sum today in her bank to cover all future payments. How much would she need to deposit in her bank if the annual interest rate on her deposit account is 4%? (Enter just the number without the $ sign or a comma; round off decimals.) Answer for Question 5 Question 6 (10 points) Roxanne is in the market for a new house, and she has found a house she likes that is selling for $250,000. The down payment on the house is 20% (the amount that the bank should require you to pay in cash) and Roxanne plans to finance the remainder with a fixed rate mortgage. The annual rate is 6% and the mortgage is for 15 years, though payments are monthly. What is the interest component of Roxanne’s first monthly payment? 1000 900 800 1100 Question 7 (15 points) Baako has invested $75,000 in a trust fund at 9% for his child’s college education. His child will draw $30,000 per year for four years, starting at the end of year 7. What will be the amount that will be left over in the education fund at the end of year 10 (just after the child has withdrawn the fourth time)?(Enter just the number without the $ sign or a comma; round off decimals.) Answer for Question 7 Question 8 (15 points) Jingfei bought a house 10 years ago for $200,000. Her down payment on the house was the minimum required 10% at that time she financed the remainder with a 15-year fixed rate mortgage. The annual interest rate was 10% and she was required to make monthly payments, and she has just made her 120th payment. A new bank has offered to refinance the remaining balance  on Jingfei’s loan and she will have to pay $1,900 per month for the next 5 years, but the total fees she will have to pay today to get the new loan is $1,000. Should she take the new offer? How much will she gain or lose in today’s dollars if she does? Annual interest rates are still 10%. (yes, gain 324) (yes, gain 712) (no, loss 614) (no, loss 712) (yes, gain 614) (No, loss 324) Question 9 (15 points) You have been living in the house you bought 10 years ago for $300,000. At that time, you took out a loan for 80% of the house at a fixed rate 15-year loan at an annual stated rate of 9%. You have just paid off the 120th monthly payment. Interest rates have meanwhile dropped steadily to 6% per year, and you think it is finally time to refinance the remaining balance. But there is a catch. The fee to refinance your loan is $4,000. Should you refinance the remaining balance? How much would you save/lose if you decided to refinance? (yes, gain 4053) (yes, gain 3300) (no, lose 2331) (yes, gain 4647) (no, lose 2300) (no, lose 1323) Question 10 (15 points) You are interested in a new Ford Taurus. After visiting your Ford dealer, doing your research on the best leases available, you have three options. (i) Purchase the car for cash and receive a $1,500 cash rebate from Dealer A. The price of the car is $15,000. (ii) Lease the car from Dealer B. Under this option, you pay the dealer $500 now and $200 a month for each of the next 36 months (the first $200 payment occurs 1 month from today). After 36 months you may buy the car for $8,000. (iii) Purchase the car from Dealer C who will lend you the entire purchase price of the car for a zero interest  36-month loan with monthly payments. The car price is $15,000. Suppose the market interest rate is 6%. What is the net cost today of the cheapest option? (Enter just the number without the $ sign or a comma; round off decimals.Since this asks for a cost, you just enter the number without a negative sign.)

Marketing Mix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Marketing Mix - Essay Example A marketing mix is an important tool that helps Coca Cola Company to understand what to do to reach out to the target market. Marketing means having Coca Cola drinks at the right place at the right time for convenience for the customer. Coca Cola has numerous elements that form the core of a main marketing system. The elements help Coca Cola achieve its objectives by incorporating them together. A good combination of the elements allows Coca Cola to have a focus on the marketing product. Creation of a pricing strategy by gathering information of the market ensures that the product is not underpriced or overpriced. The strategy involves scrutinizing Coca Cola targets and objectives for the product. Price is one of the elements of a product mix, and it plays an important role in determining the sales of the Coca Cola. In the case of Coca Cola, the price is the value of the drink offered to any individual seeking to quench his or her thirst. Price is the amount that customers pay to purchase Coca Cola from the supplier. Setting the price is important in the development of Coca Cola because it will control the forces of demand and supply for the enterprise. Pricing strategy for Coca Cola helps it to have the ability to determine its sales. The perceived value of the product plays a big role in the determination of the sales of Coca Cola Company. The manner in which a customer values a product is important in the pricing of the beverage company. A positive customer value helps Coca Cola Company successfully charge higher than the monetary of the product. On the other hand, a product should not have a lower value in the eyes of the customer. In the case of the scenario of Coca Cola, the product will be underpriced affecting the sales objectives of the company. About the price, product plays an important role in the marketing mix of a product. Products are the commodities that the company offers for sale. Coca Cola delivers quality products

Fractal Geometry Relating To Dance and Leaves Essay

Fractal Geometry Relating To Dance and Leaves - Essay Example This can be illustrated by geometrical concepts using drawings on flat space. This essay discusses this, the intriguing ubiquity relating to the sequence 1, 1, 2, 3†¦ the golden ratio, Phi, in the aesthetic of natural as well as creation of art to our life. The fractals started with George Cantor, German mathematician, in 1883. One of the easy ways to watch the division similar to the whole after being magnified. One of the most famous fractal is Mandelbrot set. The mathematician who created that is Benoit Mandelbrot started study self-similarity in 1960 was interested by many people in graphing some complex numbers. He applied the formula zz^2+c, which c is some real numbers and z, is a complex number, for example, â€Å"a+bi†. The computation of fractal program is based on a well known non-complex iterative some equation such as f(z)=z2+c, where z and c are complex numbers. Fractal geometry is crucial in studying complexity for many reasons. That I will explain it and relate it to the real life by dressing the fractal to dancing movement. First reason is almost all natural objects have irregular shapes and hence require more general dimension than Euclidean geometry allows. The natural shapes have more dimension than the Euclidean geometry. Also, that shows the natural shapes can be showed with different styles and different length. For example, the movement for the dancer cannot be count or knowing the next movement how is going to be or which style going to be dressing. Dance Company used a movement to midi converter to produce midi some sounds in respect to the motion of the dancer. This picture I’m using shows how we are not able to measure their body’s axis. Furthermore, to relate this to our nature there is a perfect example that the leaves. A leaf axis is extremely complex and has too many axis that inform to us witch is not easy to count them or measure them, based on our two detentions Fractal

Learning about Hinduism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Learning about Hinduism - Essay Example It aims to deliver the thought that every living being in itself is the manifestation of the Divine Unity and thus is God omnipresent. (What is Vedanta?). Being a part of both Islamic and Christian background I am more acquainted with monotheism and had little opportunity to understand the basis of a religion based on multiple Gods and Goddesses, such as Hinduism. To divulge more into this matter and to enhance the understanding of the religion in a better manner that the paper takes into accord an interview conducted upon a person who is a spiritual aspirant in this direction. The interview in this direction is taken online through chat with a person who is an engineer by profession and is aged around 47 years. He resides in Bangalore and is a staunch believer of Advaita Vedanta Philosophy. This person agreed to share his own personal views about the practices and rituals of Vedanta Religion on being contacted through the online sphere. Questions that were asked to him concerned mai nly on understanding the religious framework of Vedanta religion along with the doctrines and practices ingrained in such. The Religion of Vedanta The first question that was asked to the interviewee was concerned in understanding and identifying the philosophy of Vedanta as a religious philosophy practiced in India. Focus of the question was directly placed to know that whether Vedanta is truly a religion or just a set of dogmas and preset ideologies. To this end, the interviewee acclaimed that Vedanta is a scientific and intellectual religion. The interviewee stated that Vedanta as a religion renders focus on a universal God which the Vedantists or the followers of such religion regard as the Omnipresent Power of Supreme or Absolute Consciousness. He stated that the religion of Vedanta goes farther in understanding the realms of sublime consciousness ingrained in the physical system, which is regarded as the Universal Truth. The interviewee also stated that the religion of Vedanta is a more refined understanding of the Hindu philosophy or religion. He stated that Vedanta acts as a backbone to the Hindu religion. The Vedanta religion according to him stands on three main pillars viz. Existence, Knowledge and Supreme Bliss, which is also maintained in the Hindu religion as Sat, Chit and Ananda respectively. The interviewee also acclaimed that through Vedanta one can easily approach higher states of consciousness which transcends the body and mind to a Supreme and Unified state thus bringing peace and enlightenment. (Vedanta). Ritualistic Practices of Vedanta The second question that was asked to the interviewee mainly focused on understanding the ritualistic practices of the Vedanta religion. The question tried to divulge on understanding the ritualistic principles in use by the people following the Vedanta religion. The interviewee stated in regards to this question that the Vedanta philosophy being a refined state of the Hindu philosophy believes in the Unit y of the Divine Trinity Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva as the Supreme Self that resides within the body and is beyond mind and intellect. Vedanta Religion operates based on three religious doctrines or practices, which have been in use in Hindu religious systems from time immemorial. These three paths practiced by Vedanta religion are considered as highly sacred and are observed to grant liberation to the Self. The interviewee stated that the three paths viz. the road based on devotion, on knowledge and on performances and action all lead to the Supreme Being. The interviewee started that a Hindu person based on these Vedic principles can move forward to earn the salvation from all worldly misery and troubles concerning life and death.

Sociological interest in the paranormal experiences Essay

Sociological interest in the paranormal experiences - Essay Example I find very little co relation between paranormal /anomalous experiences and the sociology of knowledge because it believes in rationalization of what is being experienced. It is very difficult to point out the theory behind all things related to the paranormal / anomalous. If we try to understand what is really meant by paranormal experiences, one thing that immediately comes to our mind is that it instills a feeling of global oneness. We just cannot say that only those who are educated have had paranormal or anomalous experiences. Neither can we conclude that people following a particular religion have experienced it. Such experiences are common across different cultural communities too. Paranormal or anomalous experiences are those that leave a lasting impression on people who have gone through it but there are not enough evidence or logical explanation to prove their authenticity. Some of the phenomenon that can be categorized paranormal or anomalous are experiences of ghosts, UFO, other supernatural powers, spirituality, folie a deux condition, dj vu condition, parapsychology, occult, pseudoscience, protoscience, abduction phenomenon, extra sensory perception, spontaneous human combustion, out of body feelings, near to death experiences etc. Apart from all these there are other phenomenon like astrology, numerology, phrenology, psychometry, psychic surgery, physiognomy, chiropractic, homeopathy, precognition, remote viewing, faith healing, channeling etc. Very few of the above-mentioned phenomena can be explained in a scientific way. Yet they are more interesting and draw much more sociological interest than those phenomena, which can be proved scientifically. The reason for this is that humans tend to get bored with the tried and tested instances. Dolon rightly states in Coutts that " I want people to know that there is more to life than what we call reality, more than what we can see - and it is not as far beyond our reach as we imagine. It is ordinary, everyday, here and now, in this minute. And it is magical, a gift." (2003 p. 291) There is a constant urge in all of us to discover the thrill of coming across the unusual. This common interest binds people together and make them a part of the group. People from different dimensions become a part of the sociological structure. Their common interest is termed as sociological interest. . Chapter 1 Paranormal and the Sociology of ReligionThe sociology of religion has been an integral part of sociology since the very beginning. Davie in Taylor has very beautifully tried to bring out the link between religion and society. In his words "there are two ways of defining religion in terms of its relationship to society. The first is substantive: it is concerned with what religion is. Religion involves beliefs and practices, which assume the existence of supernatural beings. The second approach is functional: it is concerned with what religion does and how it affects the society of which it is part For example, religion offers answers to otherwise unanswerable questions (what happens when we die), or

EXAM QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS UNIT Essay

EXAM QUESTIONS FOR RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS UNIT - Essay Example Various Methods of Waste Management Waste management deals with reducing waste through sustainable production of goods. This sustainability can be achieved through product design and process design. Production notions need to be changed to reduce waste. There are various methods of waste management, including product life cycle management, dematerialisation and industrial eco-management and through eco-friendly designs and eco-technology. Design phase of a product offers maximum possibility of managing waste. Latest Manufacturing Industry Trend A change in trends has been seen in manufacturing industries for attaining sustainable manufacturing by changing from end-of-pipe solutions to centring on product life-cycles for integrating strategies and systems to achieve environmental sustainability. The trend is increasingly shifting towards closed-loop circular manufacturing systems and for new business models (OECD, 2009). Preference for Environment Management Systems for Waste Control Businesses are going for Environment Management Systems (EMS) – integrated environmental strategies and management systems. Application of EMS ensures that environmental issues such as waste management are looked after through enforcement of programmes to achieve related goals, which are inspected for attaining performance level, rectifying problem areas and reviewing of systems for incessant improvement. Dematerialisation for Waste Management Another trend to control waste is dematerialisation wherein resource intensity of products and processes is cut down. It is the reverse end of the scenario for waste management. It is related to reducing and bettering the standard of the resources used in production of goods and services. Dematerialisation can be achieved through reduction in product size, weight, packaging, by increasing product life and variety of uses. Industrial Ecology for Waste Management Industrial Ecology (IE) can yet be another huge step towards waste control, wherein a firm’s by-products can be used by another firm as raw material, thus, reducing resource use and waste creation for the system overall. It offers a dynamic transformation in waste management from simply reducing waste from a specific function or location, to reducing its production at the bigger scale and level of the system as a whole. Role of the Government To analyse the measures taken by the government to manage waste, the government has released the document on Waste Strategy for England 2007. There has been a UK law promulgated from Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive on the Packaging (Essential Requirements) Regulations 2003, the Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations 2007. Further, the government has made it legal to take all possible measures to keep waste less hazardous. It is the legal responsibility of all manufacturers, importers, stockists, logistics, disposal and managers of waste under the Duty of Care Regulations. There has been the provision on landfill tax, which is controlled by HM Revenue and Customs and presently charged ?72/tonne (+VAT) for Active waste and ?2.50/tonne (+VAT) for Inactive waste. Evaluation of NEXT Plc on Waste Management Testing Next Plc on the above theoretical frameworks, as per the NEXT CSR Report 2012, the Company has been successful in 10% additional waste recycling relatively the previous year. Overall, it is using 85% capacity of recycling functional waste.

Co-workers spending too much time on personal devices or social Research Paper

Co-workers spending too much time on personal devices or social networks, leading to distractions in the office - Research Paper Example This paper includes a discussion on some of the ways these devices and social networking websites lead to distractions in offices. The paper also includes a discussion on the ways the use of these devices and social networks can be limited in offices. Introduction In today's faced paced world, the use of technology has become a need for every individual from any field of life. Students, businesspersons, and employees all make use of different types of technologies to carry out their personal and professional activities. However, sometimes use of these technologies at places where they should not be used leads to problems. For example, use of mobile phones and other personal devices at work lead to distractions in offices when people use these devices for personal matters instead of focusing on work and assigned job responsibilities. It has become a critical need for managers and employers to develop and implement such policies at workplaces, which should be able to bring down the use of personal devices at offices. Let us discuss some of the ways personal devices and social networks used by colleagues lead to distractions in offices. Impact of Personal Devices The impact of the use of personal devices, such as, mobile phones, laptops, and disc players in offices is never positive on the efficiency level of employees. The reason is that the use of such devices at workplaces deviate the attention and focus of colleagues away from their job responsibilities, which not only results in decreasing their efficiency level but also shifts down the company’s level of productivity. Companies are at risk of losing millions of dollars each year through decreased level of employee productivity caused by digital distractions (Anderson 1). Some colleagues make personal calls while sitting in their offices because of which they cannot perform their required official tasks within time. For example, if a customer representative officer starts making a long personal call wh ile sitting in office, he/she will not be in the position to focus properly towards the incoming official calls in that time. The result in such cases is late delivery of work to managers or customers. Similarly, some colleagues use laptops in offices for purposes other than the official ones. The result is again delayed completion of assigned tasks. Moreover, some colleagues like to hear songs at workplace using headphones. This also results in distracting their attention away from work. The use of personal devices at work can also lead to severe accidents at the workplace. A number of cases have occurred in the last few years where a minor distraction from official task because of cell phone or other personal devices have resulted in severe workplace accidents. For example, an incident occurred in California in 2007 where an employee responsible for operating the sugarcane-chopping machine in a mill cut his left hand because he put his hand within the choppers unintentionally bein g busy in a personal call while operating the machine. This is just a single case out of many where little distractions have caused major injuries to employees. Such cases speak strongly in favor of putting a complete ban on the use of personal devices at the workplace. Impact of Social Networks The impact of using social networking websites, such as, Facebook or Twitter in offices is also not positive on the efficiency and attention of

Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 16

Question - Essay Example They even ruled Egypt on numerous occasions all through history, either mutually with their husbands, sons or in their right (Gay 33). They were decisive, formidable and competent in that responsibility. Unlike the place of women in many other ancient cultures, like that of Greece, the Egyptian woman appears to have benefited from the same economic and legal rights like the Egyptian man. The women were allowed additional rights and civil liberties than Greek women that were required to live in a less equivalent Greek system (Gay 42). In Sparta, young women were educated in writing and reading and could take part in sports; they were considered more as equals to men. The aim was to generate women who would give birth to strong, healthy babies. At age 18, citizen women had freedom of moving around while enjoying a great deal of freedom. Spartan women could control and own their wealth. In war times, the wife was anticipated to manage her husbands property and to protect it against revolts and invaders until her husband came back. It is only in Sparta did the women had economic influence and power. Moreover, their husbands listened to them (David, Murray and Brody 172). On the other hand, Athenian girls and women were kept at home without taking part in politics or sports. Wives were regarded as their husband’s property and were responsible for weaving spinning, and other domestic arts. Some women had high posts in the custom events as well as Athens’ religious life where the patron was the goddess Athena. Most wealthy women were mostly restricted to staying at home and running the household except courtesans and prostitutes (David, Murray and Brody 354). Women had fewer rights in male-governed Athens, and their treatment was at times hardly better than that of domestic slaves. Generalizations on the women status in the ancient world are usually tricky, and

Leadership Skills Personal Development Plan Essay

Leadership Skills Personal Development Plan - Essay Example a detailed analysis of my leadership style on the grounds of strength, weakness, opportunity, threats, along with discussion on improving them in order to be a more effective leader. I have also discussed the SMART(ER) goal setting technique to set the goals for my followers and for myself. All the discussions made in this study are backed up by relevant theories. According to my perception, the concept of leadership is based on the idea of how one individual can guide a group of people to follow his instruction so that they can be driven towards a common goal. At often times the term â€Å"leader† is used synonymous with the term â€Å"manager†. I think that a leader and a manager possess quite a different set of characters (Davis 8). A leader develops a new trend or a set of rules to follow, whereas a manager makes sure that the rules are properly being followed. Most importantly a manager controls his subordinates by relying on his power of authority, but a leader influences his followers by establishing a strong trust (The Wall Street Journal, â€Å"What is the Difference Between Management and Leadership?†). This makes me believe that a leader is a person who takes the right decisions and sets goals for himself and for his followers as well. I have followed a leadership style which binds my team in with strict rules and regulation. I thought that setting up straight forward rules are necessary in order to make sure that there is deviation from the goal. I laid down a series of strict rules for my team and instructed them to follow those rules down to every word. In order to avoid confusion in decision making, I took the responsibility of making all the major decisions myself. I commanded my team to abide by my decisions at all times, so it can be ensured that the progress is directed in the desired way. This style of leadership can be termed as the Autocratic leadership style (Johnson, â€Å"5 Different Types of Leadership Styles†). Strength: The autocratic

Beverages Consumed by Upv Dormitory Residents While Studying Essay Example for Free

Beverages Consumed by Upv Dormitory Residents While Studying Essay Being a student in the University of the Philippines means a lot of stress, pressure and challenge. It is always expected that any student will experience sleepless nights due to endless exams, reports and papers. To cope with these hectic schedules, a lot of students are looking for ways to help them stay active and awake. One of the most common way students resort to is to drink beverages. Many beverages are helpful in making students stay awake and active during studying. Carbonated drinks, energy drinks, caffeinated drinks, alcoholic drinks, and water are the beverages most commonly consumed by students. With regards to these concerns, a study was conducted to determine the choice of beverage of students and to know the reasons why they drink the beverage of their choice. Though others might say that beverages such as carbonated, alcoholic and caffeinated drinks can be harmful to our human body, it can also be helpful to students especially when they were studying. These beverages are very helpful to students, but we cannot deny the fact that if these are beneficial to the students, beverages such as carbonated, caffeinated and alcoholic drinks have harmful effects as well. It is obvious from the word itself that caffeinated drinks contains drug known as caffeine. It is also found in many different substances such as coffee. Some drinks have little amount of it and others may contain no caffeine at all. Consuming small amount of caffeine may be safe that it could help improve our body to have more energy and to stay focus and contrite well but a large consumption of caffeinated beverages leads to negative effects on the human body (Chloe, 2010). Besides consumption of caffeinated drinks really helps students to ward off sleep and increase alertness when the situation demands us to stay awake or need to have a little sleep. Aside from caffeinated drinks, water can help drive away the feeling of sleepiness. Water is an easy home remedy to stay awake whole night when nothing else is available. Drinking ice-cold water is also beneficial because it is a form of distraction to falling asleep (Nicks, 2011). Moreover, frequent urination that follows with increased water intake can prevent from falling asleep (Nicks, 2011). Some common reasons why people drink are to relax, celebrate and also to relax. Drinking alcoholic drinks is usually not part of the reason to drink in order to stay awake for it contains chemicals that depresses the nervous system (Nicks, 2011). Furthermore, consumption of alcoholic drinks may either be beneficial or harmful to body especially on the brain. Over consumption of alcoholic drinks leads to brain functioning such as loss of intellectual functioning combined with amnesia. In addition to that, alcohol-induced brain damage appears to be partially reversible with abstinence (Institute of Alcohol Studies, 16 July 2007). The choice of beverage also varies with each student depending on what kind of beverages they think could help them in any way. The effect of these beverages to the academic life of each student is very important and has an influence on their choice. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The results of the study will be beneficial to the following: Students. Students will know what beverage can be beneficial with respect to their general weighted average. Manufacturers. Manufactures of the drinks will know if their products are beneficial to the students. Retailers in the dorm area. Product retailers will be able to choose what drink they can sell in the dorm area. Researchers. This will be beneficial to the other researchers for future reference purposes. RESEARCH QUESTIONS a. What is the beverage that students residing in the five UPV Miag-ao dormitories drink the most when studying? b. What is the most important reason why they drink their choice of beverage? c. How satisfied are they with the beverage they consume? d. Is there a linear relationship between their choice of beverage and their general weighted average? e. Is there a linear relationship between their choice of beverage and their general weighted average? OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY a. to determine the proportion of students who drink beverages while studying b. to determine the beverage that students residing in UPV Miag-ao dormitories drink the most while studying c. to determine the reasons why they drink their choice of beverage while studying d. To determine their level of satisfaction with the beverage they drink e. to determine the relationship between their choice of beverage and their general weighted average f. to determine the relationship between the number of times they drink and their choice of beverage general weighted average METHODOLOGY Study Design This is a cross-sectional study of the population to determine the beverages consumed by the students residing in the five UPV Miag-ao dormitories while studying and their effect on the grades of the dormers. Study Population Sample Size. The sample size, calculated based on the current population of the five dormitories of University of the Philippines Visayas Miag-ao, Iloilo, was estimated at 240 individuals comprising 2 strata, Freshmen Dormitories and the Upperclassmen Dormitories, with 110 and 130 individuals per group respectively. When it comes to academic loads, freshmen have almost similar level of loads and the upper class men also have similar level of loads. That is, freshmen have lighter loads and upper class men have heavier loads. Heavier loads means a lot of sleepless nights so upper class men have more reason to drink. When it comes to the general weighted average (GWA), since freshmen have lighter loads, they have a better chance to get higher GWA. This estimated sample size was based on the assumption that no prior estimate of the proportion of individuals whose choice of beverage and their general weighted average (GWA) is known before this survey was planned. Thus, a conservative estimate of the sample size can be obtained by choosing the proportion of what is unknown to be 0. 5. Also, a 5% margin of error was employed in this survey. Sampling Design and Selection of Respondents. The selection of the 240 individuals was based on a stratified random sampling design. First, the population was divided into two strata, the freshmen dormitory residents and the upper class dormitory residents. By proportional allocation, 130 residents from the upper class dormitories and 110 residents from freshmen dormitories were the allocated sizes for each stratum. List of dormitory residents are found in Table A . Survey Instrument The survey instrument consists of 2 parts namely: A. Respondent Characteristics B. Beverage Related Questions Do you drink something while you are studying? What beverage do you usually drink the most while studying? How many times do you drink your choice beverage while studying? What are the three important reasons why you drink the type of beverage you specified in question 2 while studying? How satisfied are you with the beverage you drink? What is your general weighted average last semester? Data Collection A Self-Enumeration method was used to gather information using the questionnaire. English is the language used in the questionnaire. Data were collected from all the 240 respondents in a span of 4 days. Data Processing Data was encoded using SPSS Version 16. 0 (SPSS Inc. 2007). The questionnaire numbers were included in the encoding to easily detect which respondents’ answers were miscoded. The Analysis of the data, tables and graphs was done using SPSS version 16. 0. Statistical Analysis Some items in the questionnaire were included to measure a specific construct. Frequencies and percentages were used to answer most of the survey objectives. One-Way ANOVA was used to determine significant differences in the general weighted average among groups based on the choice of beverages and the frequency of students drinking their choice of beverage while studying. RESULTS and DISCUSSION Result shows that eighty-seven point nine per cent ( 87. 9%) of the students residing in the five residence halls in UPV Miaga-ao are drinking beverages while studying while twelve point one (12. 1%) per cent are not (see Table 1). Six point two (6. 2%) per cent of the respondents drink carbonated drinks, forty-seven point one (47. 1%) per cent drink caffeinated or energy drinks, one point two (1. 2%) drink alcoholic drinks, twenty eight point three (28. 3%) drink water and five point four (5. 4%)per cent drink other beverages (see Table 2). The three most important reasons why the respondents drink the beverages they prefer are the taste (41. 8%), availability (41. 2%) and the effect in helping them to stay awake (67. 9%) (see Table 3). Other reasons are that the beverage they drink is healthy (22. 5%), drinking is part of their study habit (32. 1%), the affordability (17. 9%), and other specified reasons are the relaxation and the craving on the certain drink. It is shown in Table 4 that students are nearly satisfied with the beverage they drink with mean level of satisfaction equal to 3. 69. There is a significant difference in the mean general weighted average of UPV dormitory residents (F= 2. 5, p=. 031) who are drinking different types of beverages while studying. Table 5 shows that among the dormitory residents who drink the different types of beverages, the ones who drink alcoholic beverages while studying have the highest mean GWA. On the contrary, Table 6 shows that the number of times the residents drink their choice of beverages does not affect their GWA at the end of the semester (F= 1. 473, p=. 2). It means that the GWA of the residents are not affected by the frequency of drinking the beverage of their choice. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS There are more students who drink any of the beverages than not with 87. 9%. Of those 211 students who drink, most of them chose caffeinated and/ or energy drink with 47. 1% and drink chosen the least is the alcoholic drink. Though a few number of students consume alcoholic drinks, they unexpectedly have the highest mean general weighted average. On contrary, the number of times the residents drink their choice of beverage does not affect their general weighted average. Because of the unexpected result in our study, at this point of time, we cannot really recommend that alcoholic drinks are good for studying. But we propose that there should be more future studies to confirm if drinking alcoholic drinks really improves the academic performance of the students. Also, they should add others factors that c Since most of the respondents are drinking caffeinated/energy drinks, we would like to recommend to certain manufacturers of caffeinated/energy drinks that they improve their marketing strategies to gain attention because of the competitions. Companies with known brands should improve their products so that they will not lose their consumers while those unpopular companies must improve their marketing strategies through advertisements and improvements of their products as well. They should also focus on the taste of their product because most of the students prefer the taste of the beverage. Also, because the availability of the product is one of the reasons why students drink caffeinated/energy beverages, we suggest that retailers in the dorm area should sell such drink APPENDIX A TABLES Table A. List of Respondents Ran no. | Respondents (Upperclass)| Ran no. | Respondents (Freshmen)| 139| Esmeralda, Hershey| 274| Tiongson, Nijyl| 109| De La Paz, Janine| 110| Torreno, Ermin| 191| Junio, Rap Eula| 241| Paguidopon, Cyril| 56| Basister, Wina Irah| 222| Maguad, Ma. Althea| 69| Bonites, Danessa Joy| 185| Francisco, Elthon| 310| Sta. Maria, Marbenn| 292| Wong, Maria Angelica| 195| Laoc, Charles Von| 33| Continente, Jose Ryan| 167| Gonzaga, Paul Ray-An| 158| Celis, Ella Marie Sofia| 55| Barros, Michelle Anne| 43| Donguines, Adelaine Grace| 202| Limjuco, Ivan Christian| 53| Jimenez, Camille Ericka| 157| Gallenero, Kate April| 238| Odtujan, Wenna Grace| 44| Bagsit, Mitzi Kate| 159| Jance, Mary Pauline|. 14| Alaban, Annaveve Rose| 263| Suarez, Angelica Faith| 108| Daynolo, Raquel| 109| Torrecampo, Jaira Jane| 295| Salvallon, Carmina| 196| Incensario, Cindy| 340| Villalva, Jenny Boy P| 39| Dela Cruz, Eduard| 133| Encio, Quinzelle Ann| 270| Tan, Diana| 33| Arcenio, Ariane| 134| Bacaoco, Ella Marie Kristine| 126| Dumantay, Sherwin| 265| Surilla, John Chaldean| 180| Igpuara, Luvielyn| 32| Condez, Jared Philip| 347| Zeller, Lylve Mariz| 105| Tampus, Franzine Glorie| 265| Pepino, Ma. Marivick| 8| Banehit, Gracesel Faith| 154| Frayco, Altia| 251| Potot, Kristin Francis May| 18| Alido, Edwin| 172| Deslate, August John Xavier|. 134| Endencio, Gerry| 51| Gamez, Clarence| 197| Ledesma, Anne Brigette| 267| Tabing, Ralph Oliver| 329| Tubeo, Nikki Francheska| 239| Oligo, Femelyn Rose| 248| Pagapulan, Marn Angeli| 154| Camarote, Brylle Kristiann| 102| Dacut, Carl Mark| 194| Hortilano, Kristine| 10| Agero, Nikki Rose| 191| Go, Edwina Ruby| 168| Gonzales, Julio Joseph D. | 16| Besinga, Yvonne Grace| 151| Fontillas, Jeanne| 211| Limbaroc, Darrell Christian| 268| Nillasca, Amria Canice| 47| Estante, Eros Paul| 99| Daayata, Angela Marie| 92| Sacramento, Noe John Joseph| 244| Pabualan, Lorejane| 30| Cojuangco, Florenz Dean| 2| Abagatnan, Samuel| 258| Rojas, Jan Katherine|. 162| Genio, Josette| 45| Ereje, Reymark| 216| Manogan, Dana| 125| Alba, Phoebe Anne| 67| Bohol, Lyan Jean| 245| Paroginog, Christian| 161| Gelvoligaya, Luke Jan| 213| Lorenzo, Ma. Conception| 159| Gara, Nolan| 83| Palomo, Megan| 31| Aranguez, Christian Tom| 102| Tabonda, April Mae| 30| Aquino, Jon Irish| 137| Baltazar, Gleza| 242| Orquia, John Jowil P. | 133| Atienza, Paul Henry| 174| Hibaler Regino| 78| Obaob, Laurence| 229| Montales, Ma. Josita| 206| Lao, Karli Anne| 283| Ribalde, Aldren A. | 277| Tordesillas, Jessa Grace| 41| Bae, Haengun| 67| Mangilog, Jude| 280| Rendaje, Donna| 140| Barrera, Mia|. 116| Deopido, Reanna Rosalia| 190| Garcia, Jondale Mae| 47| Balino, Beverly| 66| Manejar, Arvie Joy| 301| Segura, Errol Ralph| 294| Zomil, Nica Pearl| 288| Rotas, Shiela Mae| 22| Caspe, Dion Paul| 4| Abelarde, Ma. Gail| 252| Prisco, Emman Lliam| 182| Ingeniero, Andrea Faye| 25| Castor, Romena| 241| Oppus, Dia Monica| 284| Uehara, Mika| 87| Caro, Miguel Caro| 204| Lachica, Fritzie Lee| 76| Cabarles, Jodhie Mae| 228| Manlangit, Katleen| 144| Estores, El Nino| 111| Tupag, Xerxes| 48| Bangcaya, Angelo Deo| 49| Fulgencio, Eunice Sheene| 249| Pagdato, Shannen Jhen| 247| Penetrante, Alexis Ray| 305| Sisican, Daniel Joseph| 279| Torres, Agape May|. 21| Almencion, Joyce| 168| De Juan, Katrina Bernadette| 165| Go, Catherine Joy| 280| Treyes, Michael Andre| 290| Saldana, Carinna| 6| Artus, Janrey| 235| Negoso, Roxanne Louise| 176| Darroca, Rejean Marie| 282| Rezaga, Mark Allan| 81| Pagunsan, Auser Jann| 147| Fabe, Dharyl Straberry| 278| Torre, Marayah Rio| 7| Acosta, Mabelle| 257| Rodriguez, Faith Marie| 121| Dolendo, Jeanne Lee| 135| Badiang, John Piox| 309| Sta. Cruz, Niel Conrad| 207| Lapoot, Mar Cletus| 264| Penuela, Dianne Frances| 63| Malaga, Karch| 17| Alegre, Anavie| 68| Mayormita, Krisleen Marie| 23| Amoyo, Karlyn Kay| 188| Galbo, Roselle|. 20| Almaquer, Francis Eric| 281| Treyes, Nicolle| 158| Gane, Maria Theresa| 218| Macoy, Donna Vanessa| 253| Pan, Maila| 195| Ilejay, Jorge Alberto| 75| Cabanilla, Carmelo| 180| Estardo, Jessica| 269| Placer, Elecca| 205| Lagtapon, Jyll| 304| Sinfuego,Alain Dean| 224| Malagda, Wilshane Marie| 258| Pareja, Arphymm Marie| 234| Mojica, Mariane Daiseree| 223| Mendoza, Jared Nikko| 12| Bautista, Katrina| 58| Batislaong, Paolo| 88| Recopuerto, Harmon| 171| Henderin, Jason| 40| Delima, Stephanie| 148| Fabila, Lobelene May| 112| Tutor, Ace Marc| 345| Virgula, Juliette| 97| Sarroza, Anna Marie|. 240| Omar Al-Abdallah, Sahar| 246| Payofelin, Frances Joan| 208| Magallanes, Mia Fe| 248| Pineda, Abraham| 46| Baldonasa, RB Hera Angelica| 130| Andres, Darine Jane| 146| Fababier, Cris John| 200| Ireneo, Jevin Justine| 188| Jino-o, Errol| 115| Villalobos, Mae Lynn| 105| Dalida, Elizabeth| 175| Elbanbuena, Cherry Ann| 271| Policarpio, Stella| 23| Castanares, Kyle| 142| Espera, Leza Andrea| 178| Esmolo, Rubie| 22| Alvarez, Noela Joy| 18| Caliso, Femmy Rose| 181| Impreso, Camille| 116| Villanueva, Coleen Thea| 96| Combalicer, Bianca Isabel| 62| Magallanes, Loise Ember| 318| Talaman, Niescee Eiscene| 73| Nablo, Clarice|. 246| Padernal, Michael Patrick| 7| Balani, Mar Anthony| 152| Formaran, Anthony Dwin| 91| Romelo, Nimrod| 233| Narvasa, Jane Karla| 273| Tenoso, Rechelle| 275| Rapista, Jan Rhen| 268| Tabsing, Khristine| 325| Tinagan, Gabrielle Rose| 163| Dagundon, Allyssa Atrovel| 95| Colon, Matt Jensen Rey| 78| Obaob, Laurence| 303| Duremdes, Lenny Joie| 271| Tedera, Yves| 150| Felisa, Karissa Paula| 243| Pamonag, Neal Abelard| 314| Tabarra, Ledrick| 70| Montales, Pia Carlyn| 107| Dalmacio, Rushell Joyce| 94| Saluta, Errol| 254| Casidsid, Velvet| 149| Bocario, Sydney| 279| Regalado, Wilfredo| 86| Perez, Rom Trishtan|. 342| Villanueva, Ma. Sharee Lou| | | 198| Ledesma, Luvic| | | 224| Mendoza, Charaine| | | 252| Palma, Peter| | | 236| Nillasca, Vicar Stella| | | 204| Lucero, Melrick| | | 292| Saldana, Carlo| | | 173| Heredia, Angelica Katrina| | | 185| Jaleco, Mieldrick| | | 251| Palacio, Ruchelle| | | 60| Berano, Erlie| | | 273| Quimsing, Renan| | | 228| Monsale, Dona Mae| | | 231| Montoya, Jamella| | | 201| Libunao, Gardel Xyza| | | 312| Suico, Karen| | | 86| Capina, Kierstin| | | 50| Baquiano, Clarie Dean| | | 153| Francisco, Farramae| | | 156| Parcon, Gregory Lou| | | Table 1: Proportion of Respondents who drink and don’t drink beverage while studying Respondents| Frequency| Percent| NoYes| 29211| 12. 187. 9| Table 2: Choice of Drinks of the Respondents Choice of drink| Frequency| Percent| Carbonated drinksCaffeinated/energy drinksAlcoholic drinksWaterOthers| 1511336813| 6. 247. 11. 228. 35. 4| Table 3: Reasons of the respondents for drinking their choice of beverage Reason| Frequency| Percent| It helps me stay awakeIt helps me remember the things I studyIt is affordableI like the tasteIt is most readily availableIt is part of my study habitIt is healthyOthers| 1633543100997754| 67. 914. 617. 941. 841. 232. 122. 5| Table 4: Level of Satisfaction of Respondents with their Choice of Beverage | N| Minimum| Maximum| Mean| Level of Satisfaction| 240| 0| 5| 3. 69| Table 5: ANOVA Table for the Choice of Beverage and their GWA | Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | Between GroupsWithin GroupsTotal| 2. 14339. 94642. 090| 5233238| . 429. 171| 2. 500| . 031| Table 6: Post Hoc | N| Subset for alpha = 0. 051| Alcoholic drinksWaterCarbonated DrinksNAOthersCaffeinated/Energy DrinksSig. | 367152813113| 1. 919331. 989252. 058002. 153672. 158462. 20252. 162| Table 7: ANOVA Table for the Number of times they drink their choice of beverage and their GWA | Sum of Squares| df| Mean Square| F| Sig. | Between GroupsWithin GroupsTotal| 1. 28940. 80042. 090| 5233238| . 258. 175| 1. 473| . 200| APPENDIX B FIGURES Figure 1: Pie Chart for the proportion of Respondents Figure 2: Pie Chart for the Respondent’s Choice of Beverage APPENDIX C FORMULAS Computation of Sample size: no =Z? /2 pqd2 Where p (probability of success) = 0. 5 q ( probability of failure) = 0. 5 ? = 0. 05 d (margin of error) = 0. 06 no= 1. 9620. 5(0. 5)(0. 052)=384. 16 n= 3841+ 384642=240. 28 ?240 APPENDIX D. QUESTIONNAIRE Beverages Consumed by UPV Dormitory Residents While Studying Name (optional): Gender: Age: Course: Year Level: Weekly Allowance: 1. Do you drink something while you are studying? | (1) Yes| | (2) No | (If yes, proceed to number 2) (If no, proceed to number 6) 2. What beverage do you usually drink the most while studying? (Please check one only) | (1) carbonated drinks| | (2) caffeinated drinks| | (3) energy drinks| | (4) alcoholic drinks| | (5) milk| | (6) water| | (7) others| 3. How many times do you drink your choice beverage while studying? | (1) Once| | (2) Twice| | (3) Thrice| | (4) More than Thrice| 4. What are the three most important reasons why you drink the type of beverage specified in question 2 while studying? Please check the top 3 reasons. | (1) It helps me stay awake| | (2) It helps me remember the things I study| | (3) It is affordable| | (4) I like the taste| | (5) It is most readily available| | (6) It is part of my study habit| | (7) It is healthy| | (8) Others (please specify):_______________| 5. How satisfied are you with the beverage you drink? Rate from 1 to 10, 1 as the lowest and 10 as the highest. (Encircle your choice) 12345678910 6. What is your general weighted average last semester?

Essential Anatomy and Physiology Components

Essential Anatomy and Physiology Components Mahbubul Alam Task 1 Most of the nutrients in the feed are large molecules that can not be directly absorbed in the gut due to their size or hydrophobicity. The digestive system is responsible for the reduction in the size of these molecules directly absorbable smaller units and the conversion of hydrophilic molecules with hydrophobic complexes. Proper operation of absorption and transport mechanisms is essential for the delivery of products of digestion in human body cells . An abnormality of one of these systems can cause malnutrition even in the presence of adequate nutrition . Functions of Digestive System The task of the digestive system is the physical and chemical breakdown of food. In addition, energy needed by the body , as well as raw materials for growth and repair of body structures come from the food and drink that ingerimos. In the digestion process are the following functions: Test food through the senses of smell and taste, food crushing , dissolution in water, food transport crushed decomposition of food into simple substances with the aid of digestive enzymes, absorption simple substances, and elimination of indigestible residues. Regulation of digestive functions Digestive functions traction and secretion are controlled by two main types of regulation: the nervous regulation and hormonal regulation . Neural Mechanisms Nervous regulation of motor and secretory phenomena uses two types of neural networks : a local system , the enteric nervous system and the autonomic nervous system (ANS ). Nerve receptors are sensitive to various stimuli : the chemical composition of the chime (acidity) , stretching (feeling of fullness ) , etc. . They send impulses to the muscle and secretory cells of the digestive tract via the enteric nervous system consists of the myenteric plexus and submucosal . Neurotransmission is nervous or chemical type ( enkephalins , somatostatin , serotonin, bombesin , neurotensin , etc. . ) .The ANS consists of two contingents of fibers : sympathetic fibers that run along blood vessels, and the parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve. These two contingents have antagonistic actions: roughly, sympathetic fibers are inhibitory while the parasympathetic fibers are excitatory . Structure Core Structures : Mouth, pharynx , esophagus , stomach thin intestine , Ano Associated structures : salivary glands ( three pairs ) , Pancreas , Liver, Gall Bladder ( with their associated ducts) , and Appendix. Process The substances that the body needs are absorbed from food , it passes through the digestive system. When chewing food, it is moistened by saliva. As food is sufficiently fragmented and wet mouth are pushed by the tongue into the pharynx and swallowed. The muscles in the walls of the esophagus contract and relax to cause movement in waves, known as peristalsis, which lowers food into the stomach. In this , mixed with acidic juices produced by the wall of the organ. These juices facilitate the fragmentation of food in even smaller particles , the muscles of the stomach wall also contract , and facilitating the greater fragmentation. Thereafter , they pass into the small intestine where certain products contained in the digestive juices , known enzymes continue the degradation of food in nutritional components which are absorbed by the blood through the walls of the small intestine. Leftover food particles , which are not digested in the small intestine pass into the large intestine where water is absorbed. The remaining food is a partially solid waste is gradually propelled along the large intestine and takes the form of feces reach the rectum. The depositions are stored in the terminal portion of the digestive tract and are then expelled through the anus. Anatomy The esophagus is a tube or membranous muscle that extends from the pharynx to the stomach. Incisors to cardia ( portion continues where the esophagus and stomach) there are about 40 cm. Esophagus begins at the neck, chest and traverses into the abdomen through the esophageal orifice diaphragm . Usually it is a virtual cavity ( ie that its walls are joined and only open when the bolus passes ) . Measure reaches the esophagus 25 cm and has a structure consisting of two layers of muscles which allow contraction and relaxation of the esophagus downward . These waves are called peristalsis and is causing the progress of food into the stomach. Its just a passage of the bolus , and is the union of different holes , oral , nasal , ear and larynx. Stomach: The stomach is an organ so that varies depending on the state of repletion (amount of nutritional content present in the gastric cavity) that is usually shaped J. It consists of several parts that are: fundus, body, antrum and pylorus. Its less extensive edge is called the lesser curvature and a larger curvature. The cardia is the boundary between the esophagus and stomach and pylorus is the boundary between the stomach and duodenum. In an individual measures approximately 25cm cardia to the pylorus and the transverse diameter is 12cm. To see what is inside the stomach click here. Small intestine: The small intestine begins at the pylorus and ends at the ileoceal valve, which is attached to the first part of the large intestine. Its length is variable and its size gradually decreases from its origin to the ileocecal valve. The duodenum, which is part of the small intestine, is about 25 to 30 cm in length, the small intestine consists of a proximal portion and a distal jejunum or the ileum, the boundary between the two portions is not very apparent. The duodenum joins the jejunum after 30cm from the pylorus. The jejunum-ileum is part of the small intestine that is characterized by relatively fixed ends: The first originates in the duodenum and the second is limited to the ileocecal valve and first portion of the blind. Its size decreases slowly but progressively towards the large intestine. The boundary between the jejunum and ileum is not noticeable. The small intestine villi has numerous surface increasing intestinal absorption of nutrients. Intestine: The large intestine . starts from the ileocecal valve in a blind pouch called from where the vermiform appendix and ends at the rectum . From the cecum to the rectum describes a series of curves , forming a frame in the center of the handles are yeyunoà ­leon . Its length is variable between 120 and 160 cm , and its size gradually reduces , being narrower in the region where it joins portion rectum or rectosigmoid junction, where the diameter is usually not exceed 3 cm , while the blind is 6 or 7 cm. After the blind , the second portion of the large intestine is called as ascending colon, with a length of 15cm , to give rise to the third portion which is the transverse colon with an average length of 50 cm , resulting in a fourth portion which is the descending colon 10cm in length. Finally differs sigmoid , colon rectum and anus . The rectum is the last part of the digestive tract. It is the continuation of the sigmoid colon and ends up opening up to the outside through the anal opening . Pancreas: Gland is intimately related to the duodenum, the excretory duct of the pancreas, which ends meet with the bile through the ampulla of Vater, their secretions areimportant in the digestion of food . Liver: The liver is the largest internal organ of the body weighs 1500 grams. It consists of two lobes. The bile ducts are the excretory ducts of the liver , bile for them is driven into the duodenum . normally get two channels: left and right , that converge together to form a single duct . the hepatic duct receives a finer duct, cystic duct coming from the gallbladder housed in the visceral side of liver. Meeting of the cystic duct and the hepatic bile duct , descending duodenum , into which together with the excretory duct of the pancreas is formed. The gallbladder is a reservoir musculomembranous shunted on the main bile duct. It contains about 50-60 cm3 of bile. Is oval or slightly pear-shaped , and its major diameter is about 8 to 10 cm . Spleen: The spleen , for its main functions should be considered an organ of the circulatory system. Its size depends on the amount of blood contained therein. Digestive Physiology The gastrointestinal tract is responsible for the digestion of the ingested food , so that they can be used by the body . The process of digestion begins in the mouth where food is covered by saliva , crushed and divided by the action of chewing and once formed the bolus swallowed . The stomach is not an essential organ for life, for though his removal in man and animals cause certain digestive disorders, not fundamentally affect health. In humans , the essential function of the stomach to reduce food to a semi-fluid mass of uniform consistency called chyme , which then passes into the duodenum . The stomach also acts as a temporary reservoir for the acid foods and their secretions , has some antibacterial action. The chyme passes the pylorus and enters the duodenum intervals where it is transformed by the secretions of the pancreas , small intestine and liver was continued digestion and absorption. Chyme is progressing through the small intestine until it reaches the large intestine. The ileocecal valve too fast hinders the emptying of the small intestine and prevents reflux of the contents of the large intestine to the small intestine. The main function of the large intestine is the formation , transport and disposal of feces. A very important function is to absorb water. In the cecum and ascending colon faeces are almost liquid and that is where the greatest amount of water and some dissolved substances are absorbed, but also in more distal regions ( rectum and sigmoid colon) liquids are absorbed. Digestion and absorption Digestion of food is effected by hydrolysis using digestive enzymes and cofactors such as hydrochloric acid or bile . Cofactors are also involved in the mechanisms of absorption. Enzymes are of 2 types: exoenzymes and endoenzymes. Digestive enzymes are exoenzymes mainly synthesized by specialized cells of the mouth, stomach , pancreas or small intestine and that are released in the digestive light to catalyze the hydrolysis of the food to the outside of the cell .The enzymes are endoenzymes localized on the membrane lipoproteins digestive mucosal cells . The connection to their substrate therefore when those latter penetrate into the cell. Ingested food are absorbed about 95%. The water , inorganic salts , monosaccharides , vitamins and alcohol are absorbed without change. As against , disaccharides , polysaccharides , lipids and proteins are to be transformed by hydrolysis into simpler components before being absorbed. Factors influencing the digestion Psychological factors: The appearance, smell and taste of food served modifies the emotional climate during the meal which influences the digestion of ingested food. Indeed , salivary secretions , gastric , etc. . and alter motility of the digestive tract . Emotions such as fear , anxiety or anxiety act via the hypothalamus and the autonomic nervous system affect digestion by reducing secretions , inhibition of peristalsis and increased sphincter tone . Bacterial action . The intestinal flora is a complex community with over 100 different species. At birth, the gastrointestinal tract is sterile, but many species rapidly colonize the digestive tract. Lactobacillus is the main bacteria flora until the child gets a varied diet . Then Escherichia coli dominant in the terminal ileum , and the anaerobic flora in the colon appears . However, the number of lactobacilli persist in subjects taking a normal diet. In the stomach , hydrochloric acid (HCl ) has a bactericidal action , which destroys most bacteria in the gastric acid chyme . In hyposà ©crà ©tion gastric cases, bacterial overgrowth can be responsible for gastritis resulting in inflammation of the mucosa. In the colon , bacterial action is more intense. It leads to the formation of gas (H2 , CO2 , CH4 , O2, NH3 , etc . ) , Acids ( lactic , acetic , etc . ) , And many other substances ( indoles , phenols , etc. . ) . The smell of feces is related to many of these components. The meal ingestion alters the fecal flora in very different ways depending on the individual . The ingestion of carbohydrate fermentation tends to increase while the increase of protein putrefaction . Effects of food preparation and meal composition . Cooking makes them more easily digestible : cooking meat relaxes connective tissue, facilitates chewing making it more accessible to digestive juices tissues. A heat load and composition equal meals low volume and more can be better digested than lavish meals . The chemical reactions during cooking alter food digestion . Acrolein produced by frying foods at elevated temperature, delays gastric emptying . Instead, meat extract ( bouillon ) stimulate digestion . Finally, there is a wide variation within and between individual sensitivity to food, their physical properties (temperature , acidity, etc. . ) That is frequently associated with the state of repletion of the digestive tract . Task 2 The Endocrine System and Its Working The endocrine system is a term for all the organs and tissues that produce hormones. They are distributed throughout the body and can show effects over long distances on: Growth Development Functions of many organs Coordination of metabolic processes The endocrine glands are organs, but who have no ducts, because they distribute their products directly into the blood or an autocrine or paracrine effect, however. Therefore, there is at this tissue with a dense network of blood capillaries with windowed endothelium. Exocrine gland secretions free to oppose it with their inner or outer surfaces: on the skin, on the wall of the stomach or in the pancreatic ducts. The hormone-producing tissue can be divided into three groups: Purely endocrine glands, used exclusively for the production of hormones; Exo-endocrine glands, in addition to the hormones produced other exocrine secretions; Certain non-glandular tissue such as the autonomic nerves, which also secrete hormone-like substances =neuro secretion Location and Function of 3 Endocrine Glands Thyroid Developmentally, the thyroid gland goes out of the intestinal epithelium of the pharynx bottom out on the tongue base. This gland stands at the beginning of the development through the ducts thyroglossus still with the floor of the mouth in combination and is located in front of the trachea after a descent. Anatomically, the thyroid gland is composed of two lobes, which are on an isthmus that is sometimes formed as a real pyramidal lobe, in conjunction. Without thyroid hormones cannot live. The thyroid hormonetriiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin (T4) are iodized. They work in almost all body cells and stimulate there on the energy metabolism. The thyroid itself is in terms of a control system by the hypothalamic hormone TRH (TSH-releasing hormone), and originating from the pituitary TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) in their function regulated (Hiller-Sturmhofel, 1998). Endocrine Pancreas The pancreas is an exo-endocrine organ by both digestive juices into the duodenum and releases hormones into the bloodstream. The endocrine portion, the islets of Langerhans are localized mainly in the pancreatic and stand out due to their brighter appearance. They secrete their secretions directly into the bloodstream. A distinction is to effect different types of cells: B cells: 60-80%, are used to produce insulin A cells: approximately 20%, and are therefore intended to antagonist to insulin D cells: about 2% serve to have an inhibitory effect on the A-and B-cells as well as on the exocrine pancreas. PP cells (pancreatic polypeptide): ~1-2% and inhibit pancreatic exocrine These islands consist of a net-like organization of several thousand epithelial cells arranged in groups and are crossed by numerous capillaries with windowed endothelium (Carter, n.d.) Pituitary The pituitary gland is located at the underside of the brain and is composed of three parts. In contrast, the anterior pituitary produces own hormones. The activity of its cells is determined by complex humeral and neural mechanisms regulated (= control hormones). It is above all the hypothalamic releasing and release-inhibiting hormones that play an important role (Drake, 2010)

Idioms Translation and Cultural Differences

Idioms Translation and Cultural Differences Idioms Translation and Cultural Differences Abstract: As we know, language is bearer of culture and idioms are heavily culturally loaded phrases and sentences. To translate English idioms involves obstacles for Chinese features. When an idiom is being translated, we will find it often hard to be translated. While the key to translate is that its figurative meaning should be remained. In this paper, it is from living conditions, customs, religions belief and historical allusions to describe cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms, and detailed description of methods in English and Chinese idioms translation. Key words: Language , Cultural differences , Idioms , Translation methods 1. Introduction Language is the carrier of culture. Both English and Chinese language has a long history.They have a large number of idioms, they are implicitly, humor, serious and elegant. While idioms are a very important part of any language, and idiom translation plays an important role in translation. Idiom is a speech form or an expression of a given language that is peculiar to itself grammatically or cannot be understood from the individual meanings of its elements. Idioms include colloquialisms, proverbs,slangs and so on. When we translate idioms from Chinese into English or English into Chinese, we should know the cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms, and we can find the right translation methods. 2. the Cultural Differences between Chinese and English Idioms Idioms translation is an intercultural activity, therefore, we should take cultural differences into consideration when we translate them. And the cultural differences between English and Chinese idioms can be classified into four types. 2.1. From living conditions The natural environment is the basis of human living and development. China is a country with continental climate, Chinese people live in the continent of Asia. Since ancient times, China is a large agricultural country, the land is important to peoples life. Therefore, there are many idioms related to wind, agriculture and land-related. Such as æâ€" ©Ã¨ â€°Ã©â„¢ ¤Ã¦   ¹ ( stamp out the root of trouble ), é £Å½Ã¨ °Æ'é› ¨Ã© ¡ º ( seasonable weather for crop raising ), æÅ' ¥Ã¥Å"Ÿå ¦â€šÃ©â€¡â€˜( spend money like water ) ä ¸â€¡Ã¤ ºâ€¹Ã¤ ¿ ±Ã¥ ¤â€¡Ã¥  ªÃ¦ ¬  Ã¤ ¸Å"é £Å½ ( Everything is ready except the east wind ), ä ¸Å"é £Å½Ã¦Å  ¥Ã¦Ëœ ¥( )Chinese people can understand its meaning, for British people it is difficult. Because in Chinese east wind symbolizes spring and warmth , and The United Kingdom is located in the western hemisphere north temperate zone, with marine climate. In England, east wind comes from the northern part of the European continent, and it symbolizes chilly and unpleasant ,while west wind symbolizes spring in England, so they can not understand the real meaning of Chinese idiom. In English there are many idioms related to water, fish, boat and so on, such as as weak as water (Ã¥ ¼ ±Ã¤ ¸ Ã§ ¦ Ã© £Å½), in deep water (é™ ·Ã¥â€¦ ¥Ã¤ ¸ ¥Ã©â€¡ Ã¥â€º °Ã¥ ¢Æ') to keep ones head above water (Ã¥ ¥â€¹Ã¥Å â€ºÃ¥â€º ¾Ã¥ ¼ º), water under the bridge (æâ€"  Ã¦ ³â€¢Ã¦Å' ½Ã¥â€ºÅ¾Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¨ ¿â€¡Ã¥Å½ »)drink like a fish (è ± ªÃ© ¥ ®), to miss the boat (é”™å ¤ ±Ã¨â€° ¯Ã¦Å" º), all at sea (ä ¸ Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã¦â€°â‚¬Ã¦Å½ ª). 2.2. From customs There are many differences between English and Chinese customs. In China, people think themselves are descendant of the Dragon, the dragon is a symbol of auspicious animals. Thus, we have dragon-related idioms contain complimentary sense. Such as æÅ"݌ ­ Ã¦Ë† Ã© ¾â„¢(To expect ones son to become an outstanding personage), é ¾â„¢Ã¥â€¡ ¤Ã¥â€˜Ë†Ã§ ¥ ¥(Harmony reigns) and so on. In western countries, they think dragon is a fire-breathing animal and it is terrifying. In addition, peoples attitude toward the dog is different. In English-speaking countries, people think the dog is a faithful animal to human, such as Youre a lucky dog(ä ½  Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¥ ¹ ¸Ã¨ ¿ Ã¥â€ž ¿),Every dog has his day(å‡ ¡Ã¤ º ºÃ©Æ' ½Ã¦Å"‰å ¾â€"æ„ Ã¦â€" ¥).On the contrary, the dog is a lowly animal in China. Such as ç‹ ¼Ã¥ ¿Æ'ç‹â€"è‚ º ( brutal and cold-blooded ),ç‹â€"çÅ" ¼Ã§Å"‹ä º ºÃ¤ ½Å½( the damned snobbish ),ç‹â€"å˜ ´Ã©â€¡Å'Ã¥  Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ¨ ± ¡Ã§â€°â„¢( a dogs mouth emits no ivory ),etc. There is another example, in Chinese culture, ox is the symbol of diligence. From ancient times, Chinese farmers went in for farming with the help of ox. So Chinese give love and praise to ox. Then in Chinese we have 力å ¤ §Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ§â€°â€º when it is translated into English, it should be as strong as a horse, Chinese people say Ã¥Æ' Ã§â€°â€ºÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¦   ·Ã¥â€¹ ¤Ã¥Å  ³, in English, people say work like a horse . We use different animal to express the same meaning. In Chinese, there are some idioms related to eat , for example Ã¥ Æ'ä ¸ Ã¤ ºâ€ Ã¥â€¦Å"ç â‚¬Ã¨ µ °means find oneself in serious trouble,Ã¥ Æ'è ½ ¯Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ Æ'ç ¡ ¬means can be persuaded by reason but not be cowed by force. Some idioms because of their distinctive national features, can not found in English corresponding expression. 2.3. From religions belief Religious belief is an important part in culture. Different religious beliefs had different reflections in different idioms. Chinese people believe in Buddhism and Taoism, therefore there are many Chinese idioms are related to Buddhism. Such as 借èŠ ±Ã§Å' ®Ã¤ ½â€º( borrowing the opportunity ),æ™ ®Ã¥ º ¦Ã¤ ¼â€"生( salvation of all sentient beings ),Ã¥ ¹ ³Ã¦â€" ¶Ã¤ ¸ Ã§Æ' §Ã© ¦â„¢Ã¯ ¼Å'æ€ ¥Ã¦  ¥Ã¦Å  ±Ã¤ ½â€ºÃ¨â€žÅ¡( when the devil was sick, the devil a monk would be ),é â€œÃ© «ËœÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¥ ° ºÃ¯ ¼Å'é ­â€Ã© «ËœÃ¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸Ë†( While the priest climb a post, the devil climb ten )etc. While in English-speaking countries, people believe in Christianity. So they have many idioms related to Christianity. Such as as poor as a church mouse (ä ¸â‚¬Ã¨ ´ «Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ¦ ´â€") God help those who help themselves (ä ¸Å Ã¥ ¸ Ã¥ ¸ ®Ã¥Å  ©Ã¨â€¡ ªÃ¥Å  ©Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ º º), God sends fortune to fools (å‚ »Ã¤ º ºÃ¦Å"‰å‚ »Ã§ ¦ ), Go to hell (ä ¸â€¹Ã¥Å" °Ã§â€¹ ±Ã¥Å½ »), Gods mill goes slowly, but it grind well (Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã§ ½â€˜Ã¦  ¢Ã¦  ¢Ã§â€" Ã¨â‚¬Å'ä ¸ Ã¦ ¼ ), wash ones hands off (æ ´â€"手ä ¸ Ã¥ ¹ ²), the Day of Judgement (æÅ" «Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¥ ® ¡Ã¥Ë† ¤) and so on. 2.4. From historical allusions An important part of historical culture is historical allusion, and England and China have a large number of idioms originated from historical allusion. These idioms are simple but far-reaching, and we often can not be understood from the literal meaning. In Chinese we have Ã¥ ®Ë†Ã¦   ªÃ¥ ¾â€¦Ã¥â€¦â€( wait for windfalls ),ä º ¡Ã§ ¾Å Ã¨ ¡ ¥Ã§â€° ¢( better late than never ),æ‹”è‹â€"åŠ ©Ã©â€¢ ¿( spoil things by excessive enthusiasm )ï ¼Å'èž ³Ã¨Å¾â€šÃ¦ â€¢Ã¨ â€°Ã¯ ¼Å'é »â€žÃ©â€ºâ‚¬Ã¥Å" ¨Ã¥ Å½( Mantis catch a cicada, siskin is hind.),å››é  ¢Ã¦ ¥Å¡Ã¦ ­Å'( be pounded on all sides )etc. Most English allusive idioms come from the Bible and Greek and Roman mythology. Such as Achilles heel (å” ¯Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¨â€¡ ´Ã¥â€˜ ½Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ ¼ ±Ã§â€š ¹), Penelopes web (æ ° ¸Ã¨ ¿Å"Ã¥ ®Å'ä ¸ Ã¦Ë† Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ · ¥Ã¤ ½Å"), The Trojan Horse (æÅ" ¨Ã© © ¬Ã¨ ® ¡Ã¯ ¼â€ºÃ¦Å¡â€"èâ€" Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥  ±Ã©â„¢ ©), Meet ones Waterloo (ä ¸â‚¬Ã¨ ´ ¥Ã¦ ¶â€šÃ¥Å" °), swan song (ç » Ã¥â€ ±), arrow of Cupid (ä ¸ËœÃ¦ ¯â€Ã§â€° ¹Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã§ ® ­), A Pandoras box (æ ½ËœÃ¥ ¤Å¡Ã¦â€¹â€°Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã§â€ºâ€™Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥  ³Ã§  ¾Ã©Å¡ ¾Ã£â‚¬ Ã© º »Ã§Æ' ¦Ã£â‚¬ Ã§ ¥ ¸Ã¥ ® ³Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¦   ¹Ã¦ º ), The apple of discord (ç ¥ ¸Ã¦â€š £Ã¯ ¼â€ºÃ¤ ºâ€°Ã§ « ¯)and so on. 3. Principle and methods of idiom translation Idioms are usually short in form but profound in sense. Each idiom bears an image and a figurative meaning. Idioms translation should be faithful. Faithful means the Chinese version must be faithful to the English idiom at least in figurative sense, and English idioms are not exactly equal to the Chinese idioms in figurative sense though they appear to be. For example, pull ones leg is not equal to 拉å Å½Ã¨â€¦ ¿, move heaven and earth is not equal to ç ¿ »Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¨ ¦â€ Ã¥Å" ° and childs play is not equal to å„ ¿Ã¦Ë† . In order to be faithful in translation ,we should convey the original figurative meanings and sacrifice the images. Therefore, pull ones leg can be rendered into Chinese as Ã¥ â€"ç ¬â€˜Ã¦Å¸ Ã¤ º º, move heaven and earth can be rendered into Ã¥ ° ½Ã¥Å â€º and childs play can be rendered into Chinese as 易å ¦â€šÃ¥  Ã¦Å½Å'. All these renditions are faithful to the original figurative meanings. So each idiom bears an image and a figurative meaning. An English idiom and a Chinese idiom which are same in image maybe different in figurative meaning. If we can transfer both the image and the figurative meaning by literal translation, we should use literal translation. If we can not, we should better keep the figurative meaning and sacrifice the image. Then, we should use free translation. Generally speaking, the common methods of translating idioms are the following types: 1. Literal translation 2. Free translation 3. Literal translation + Free translation 4. Adapted translation 3.1. Literal translation A literal translation is a translation that follows closely the form of the source language. If the image and the figurative meaning are not contradictory to each other, then both of them can be retained in the translation, we should make efforts to reduce the loss in translation and use literal translation method as much as possible. For instance, time is money is translated into æâ€" ¶Ã©â€" ´Ã¥ ° ±Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã©â€¡â€˜Ã©â€™ ±, which preserves its original image and figurative meaning. There are many idioms of this kind: In English, 1) Forbidden fruit is sweet. ç ¦ Ã¦Å¾Å"分å ¤â€"ç”Å"。 2) In the country of the blind the one-eyed man is king. ç› ²Ã¤ º ºÃ¥â€º ½Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¯ ¼Å'ç‹ ¬Ã§Å" ¼Ã§ § °Ã©â€ºâ€žÃ£â‚¬â€š 3) If you run after two hares, you will catch neither. Ã¥ Å'æâ€" ¶Ã¨ ¿ ½Ã¤ ¸ ¤Ã¥â€¦â€Ã¯ ¼Å'å… ¨Ã©Æ' ½Ã¦Å â€œÃ¤ ¸ Ã¥Ë† °Ã£â‚¬â€š 4) Half a loaf is better than no bread. æÅ"‰å Å Ã¥ â€"é  ¢Ã¥Å'…æ€ »Ã¦ ¯â€Ã¦ ² ¡Ã¦Å"‰å ¥ ½Ã£â‚¬â€š 5) The Trojan horse. ç‰ ¹Ã¦ ´â€ºÃ¤ ¼Å Ã¦Å" ¨Ã© © ¬Ã£â‚¬â€š 6) Blood is thicker than water. è ¡â‚¬Ã¦ µâ€œÃ¤ ºÅ½Ã¦ ° ´Ã£â‚¬â€š 7) Misfortunes never come singly. ç ¥ ¸Ã¤ ¸ Ã¥ â€¢Ã¨ ¡Å'。 8) An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. ä » ¥Ã§Å" ¼Ã¨ ¿ËœÃ§Å" ¼Ã¯ ¼Å'ä » ¥Ã§â€°â„¢Ã¨ ¿ËœÃ§â€°â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š In Chinese, 1)明æž ªÃ¦Ëœâ€œÃ¨ º ²Ã¯ ¼Å'æšâ€"ç ® ­Ã©Å¡ ¾Ã©Ëœ ²Ã£â‚¬â€šIt is easy to dodge a spear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding. 2)城éâ€" ¨Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã§  «Ã¯ ¼Å'æ ®Æ'Ã¥ Å Ã¦ ±  Ã© ± ¼Ã£â‚¬â€šA fire on the city wall brings disaster to the fish in the moat. 3)è · ¯Ã©  ¥Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã© © ¬Ã¥Å â€ºÃ¯ ¼Å'æâ€" ¥Ã¤ ¹â€¦Ã¨ § Ã¤ º ºÃ¥ ¿Æ'。As a long road tests a horses strength, so a long task proves a persons heart. 4)åˆ Ã§â€Å¸Ã§â€°â€ºÃ§Å Å Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦â‚¬â€¢Ã¨â„¢Å½Ã£â‚¬â€šNew-born calves make little of tigers. 5)è ¿Å"æ ° ´Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ § £Ã¨ ¿â€˜Ã¦ ¸ ´Ã£â‚¬â€šDistant water cant quench present. As the language roots of the cultural is different, literal translation is likely to be ambiguous and vague. In this case, we should add annotation. Such as: ä ¸â€°Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¨â€¡ ­Ã§Å¡ ®Ã¥Å'  Ã¯ ¼Å'è µâ€ºÃ¨ ¿â€¡Ã¨ ¯ ¸Ã¨â€˜â€ºÃ¤ º ® We know Chukeh Liang was a famous person in Chinese history, but maybe some western people have nothing about him. We can translate it into Three cobblers withe their wits combined equal Chukeh Liang, the master mind . ç  ­Ã©â€" ¨Ã¥ ¼â€žÃ¦â€" § ( show off ones proficiency with axe before Lu Ban, the master carpenter ) And in English, to carry coals to New Castle (è ¿ Ã§â€¦ ¤Ã¥Ë† °Ã§ º ½Ã¥  ¡Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¥ °â€Ã¯ ¼â€ºÃ¦Å'‡å ¤Å¡Ã¦ ­ ¤Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ¾Ã¯ ¼Å'ç º ½Ã¥  ¡Ã¦â€" ¯Ã¥ °â€Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¥â€º ½Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ º §Ã§â€¦ ¤Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¥ ¿Æ') 3.2. Free translation Free translation means transmitting the figurative meaning in the original English idiom by means of free translation. And it usually loses the original image, like the translation of the English idiom Call a spade a spade , whose image and figurative meaning can not be accepted by the Chinese readers at the same time if they are literally rendered into Chinese as 把é“ ²Ã¥ ­ Ã¥  «Ã©â€œ ²Ã¥ ­ . So the translator can put it into Chinese as ç› ´Ã¨ ¨â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ Ã¨ ® ³, which is readily accepted by the Chinese readers. There are many idioms of this kind: In Chinese, 1)打å ¼â‚¬Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã§ ªâ€"è ¯ ´Ã¤ º ®Ã¨ ¯ Ã£â‚¬â€šFrankly speaking. 2)ä ¸Å"æâ€" ½Ã¦â€¢Ë†Ã© ¢ ¦ is a Chinese idiom, for Chinese people, it is easy to understand, and if we translate it into Dong Shi imitates Xi Shi , it will very difficult for western people to understand. Because they maybe dont know Dong Shi and Xi Shi. So we can translate it into crude imitation with ludicrous effect 3)Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã¤ ¸Å"éš…ï ¼Å'æ” ¶Ã¤ ¹â€¹Ã¦ ¡â€˜Ã¦ ¦â€ Ã£â‚¬â€šWhat one loses on the swings one gets back on the roundabouts. ( If we use method of lateral translation, lose where the sun rises and gain where the sun set, the readers will can not understand it. ) 4)Ã¥ ¡Å¾Ã§ ¿ Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã© © ¬Ã¯ ¼Å'焉çŸ ¥Ã© Å¾Ã§ ¦ Ã¯ ¼Å¸A loss may turn out to be a gain. ( Due to the readers dont know the background of this idiom, we can not translate into When the old man on the frontier lost his mare, who could have guessed it was a blessing it was a blessing in disguise? ) 5)Ã¥ ºâ€ Ã§Ë† ¶Ã¤ ¸ Ã¦ ­ »Ã¯ ¼Å'é ² Ã©Å¡ ¾Ã¦Å" ªÃ¥ · ²Ã£â‚¬â€šThere will always be trouble until the trouble-maker is removed. ( If we translate it into Until Qing Fu is done away with, the crisis in the state of Lu will not be over , the readers will not understand a persons name and country name. ) 6)æ ­ ¤Ã¥Å" °Ã¦â€"  Ã©â€œ ¶Ã¤ ¸â€°Ã§â„¢ ¾Ã¤ ¸ ¤Ã£â‚¬â€šA guilty person gives himself away by conspicuously protesting his innocence. ( We can not translate it into No 300 taels of silver buried here. ) In English, 1) a skeleton in the cupboard (Ã¥ ® ¶Ã¤ ¸â€˜) 2) It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. Ã¥ ¯ ¹Ã¤ º ºÃ¤ º ºÃ©Æ' ½Ã¦Å"‰å ® ³Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¤ ºâ€¹Ã¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¤ ¸â€¹Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¦Å"‰ã€‚( It can not be translated into ä ¸ Ã§ »â„¢Ã¤ » »Ã¤ ½â€¢Ã¤ º ºÃ¥ ¸ ¦Ã¦  ¥Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ ¤â€žÃ§Å¡â€žÃ© £Å½Ã§Å¡â€žÃ§ ¡ ®Ã¦Ëœ ¯Ã¦  ¶Ã© £Å½Ã£â‚¬â€š) 3) Every man has a fool in his sleeve. ä º ºÃ¤ º ºÃ©Æ' ½Ã¦Å"‰ç ³Å Ã¦ ¶â€šÃ§Å¡â€žÃ¦â€" ¶Ã¥â‚¬â„¢Ã£â‚¬â€š( It can not be translated into ä º ºÃ¤ º ºÃ¨ ¢â€"Ã¥ ­ Ã©â€¡Å'éÆ' ½Ã¨ £â€¦Ã§ â‚¬Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¥â€š »Ã§â€œÅ"。) 4) When Greek meets Greek, then comes the tug of war. ä ¸ ¤Ã©â€ºâ€žÃ§â€º ¸Ã¤ ºâ€°Ã¯ ¼Å'å… ¶Ã¦â€"â€"Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã§Æ'ˆã€‚( It can not be translated into Ã¥ ¸Å'è…Šä º ºÃ© â€¡Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¥ ¸Å'è…Šä º ºÃ¯ ¼Å'Ã¥ ®Å¡Ã¦Å"‰ä ¸â‚¬Ã¥Å" ºÃ¥ ¥ ½Ã¦â€"â€"。) Some idioms from the religious literature, usually we need to use free translation. Such as: å››å ¤ §Ã§Å¡â€ Ã§ © º( All physical existence is vanity),å… ­Ã¦   ¹Ã¦ ¸â€¦Ã¥â€¡â‚¬( free from human desires and passions ),å›  Ã§ ¼Ëœ( principal and subsidiary causes ),ç º ¢Ã¥ °Ëœ( human society ) and so on. 3.3. Literal translation and Free translation This method means to transfer both the figurative meaning and image of source language idiom into target language with the help of free translation. This translation method can help retain the original figurative meaning and image, which can be accepted by the target language readers. In Chinese: ç  «Ã§Æ' §Ã§Å"‰æ ¯â€º the fire is singeing the eyebrows ——— a desperate situation è ´Å¸Ã¨ â€ Ã¨ ¯ ·Ã§ ½ ª proffer a birch and ask for a flogging ——— offer a humble apology ç  ­Ã©â€" ¨Ã¥ ¼â€žÃ¦â€" § show off ones skill with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter ——— display ones slight skill before an expert In English: A bull in a china shop å… ¬Ã§â€°â€ºÃ©â€" ¯Ã¨ ¿â€ºÃ§â€œ ·Ã¥â„¢ ¨Ã¥ ºâ€"——— 肆æ„ Ã¦  £Ã¤ ¹ ± The cat weeps over the mouse. çÅ' «Ã¥â€œ ­Ã¨â‚¬ Ã© ¼  Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¥ â€¡Ã¦â€¦Ë†Ã¦â€š ² There is no rose without a thorn.çŽ «Ã§â€˜ °Ã§Å¡â€ Ã¦Å"‰åˆ ºÃ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¤ ¹ Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¦ ¯â€Ã¦Å"‰è‹ ¦ Every flow has its ebb.æ ½ ®Ã¦Å"‰æ ¶ ¨Ã¨  ½Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¤ º ºÃ¥ Ë†Ã§â€ºâ€ºÃ¨ ¡ °Ã¦â€" ¶ 3.4. Adapted translation Some English idioms are found exact counterparts in Chinese which are dissimilar to them in images. In this case we can use these idiomatic Chinese expressions to replace the English idioms. For examples: In English, 1) He that sows the wind will reap the whirlwind. çŽ ©Ã§  «Ã¨â‚¬â€¦Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã¨â€¡ ªÃ§â€žÅ¡Ã£â‚¬â€š 2) Like begets like. é ¾â„¢Ã§â€Å¸Ã© ¾â„¢Ã¯ ¼Å'å‡ ¤Ã§â€Å¸Ã¥â€¡ ¤Ã£â‚¬â€š 3) Many straws may bind an elephant. çÆ'‚é º »Ã¦ â€œÃ¦Ë† Ã§ » ³Ã¯ ¼Å'ä ¹Å¸Ã¨Æ' ½Ã¦â€¹â€°Ã¥ Æ'æâ€" ¤Ã£â‚¬â€š 4) When shepherds quarrel, the wolf has a winning game. é ¹ ¬Ã¨Å¡Å'ç› ¸Ã¤ ºâ€°Ã¯ ¼Å'æ ¸â€Ã§ ¿ Ã¥ ¾â€"åˆ ©Ã£â‚¬â€š In Chinese, 1) Ã¥ Å Ã§â€œ ¶Ã©â€ â€¹Ã¯ ¼Å'å‡ ºÃ¤ ºâ€¹Ã¦â€¢â€¦Ã£â‚¬â€šA little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 2) Ã¥ °â€˜Ã¨ § Ã¥ ¤Å¡Ã¦â‚¬ ªÃ£â‚¬â€šWonder is the daughter of ignorance. 3) ä ¸â€°Ã¦â‚¬ Ã¨â‚¬Å'Ã¥ Å½Ã¨ ¡Å'。Look before you leap. 4) Ã¥ ¦â€šÃ© ± ¼Ã¥ ¾â€"æ ° ´Ã£â‚¬â€šLike a duck to water. 5) æÅ"‰å… ¶Ã§Ë† ¶Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã¦Å"‰å… ¶Ã¥ ­ Ã£â‚¬â€šLike father like son. 4. Conclusion: Idioms are a very important part of any language. So necessary knowledge of cultural differences is indispensable to the translation of idioms. Each idiom bears an image and a figurative meaning. When we are translating an idiom, its a basic requirement that we should remain its figurative meaning. For the translator, he must have a good command of English and Chinese language and cultures. References: [1] å† ¯Ã¥ ºâ€ Ã¥ Å½ 《å ®Å¾Ã§â€ ¨Ã§ ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã§ ¨â€¹Ã£â‚¬â€¹ ä ¸Å Ã¦ µ ·Ã¥ ¤â€"è ¯ ­Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ²Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ§â€°Ë†Ã§ ¤ ¾ 2002Ã¥ ¹ ´ [2] Ã¥ ®â€¹Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã©â€ ¡ 《ç ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¦â€" °Ã¦ ¦â€šÃ¥ ¿ µÃ¨â€¹ ±Ã¦ ±â€°Ã¤ ºâ€™Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã¥ ®Å¾Ã§â€ ¨Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã§ ¨â€¹ ç ¬ ¬4版》 å› ½Ã©Ëœ ²Ã¥ · ¥Ã¤ ¸Å¡Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ§â€°Ë†Ã§ ¤ ¾ 2006Ã¥ ¹ ´ [3] è ´ ºÃ§Ë† ±Ã¥ Å½ æ  ¨Ã§Å"Ÿæ ´ ª 《ä »Å½Ã¤ ¸ ­Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¦â€"‡åÅ'â€"Ã¥ · ®Ã¥ ¼â€šÃ§Å¡â€žÃ¨ §â€ Ã¨ §â€™Ã§Å"‹ä ¹  Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã§ ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã£â‚¬â€¹ é â€™Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã§ §â€˜Ã¥ ­ ¦ 2009Ã¥ ¹ ´ [4] Ã¥  ¢Ã¦ ¦â€ Ã¦ ¢â€¦ 《è ® ºÃ¦â€"‡åÅ'â€"Ã¥ · ®Ã¥ ¼â€šÃ¥ ¯ ¹Ã¦ ±â€°Ã¨â€¹ ±Ã¤ ¹  Ã¨ ¯ ­Ã§ ¿ »Ã¨ ¯â€˜Ã§Å¡â€žÃ¥ ½ ±Ã¥â€œ Ã£â‚¬â€¹ Ã¥ ¹ ¿Ã¨ ¥ ¿Ã¦â€¢â„¢Ã¨â€š ²Ã¥ ­ ¦Ã©â„¢ ¢Ã¦Å  ¥ 2009Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã§ ¬ ¬5æÅ"Ÿ

Free Essays on Invisible Man: Trueblood and the Statue :: Invisible Man Essays

Trueblood and the Statue in Ellison's Invisible Man Trueblood, in Invisible Man, is well developed, interesting character. He is the black man who sleeps with his wife and daughter and gets them both pregnant. To start off, the name Trueblood itself is ironic. His blood is no longer "true" because it has been contaminated by a grave sin-he slept with his own kin! Trueblood's story of dreaming when having sex with his daughter is a bit fantastic, and yet it is credible. Thus, his name could also mean he speaks the truth. Ellison might be using the name as a technique (besides empathy) to give Trueblood's story credence. Trueblood is ignorant and this blinds society of him. The initially pompous narrator describes him as "too ignorant" on page 48. This is furthered when Trueblood can't understand Mr. Norton. Mr. Norton said on the same page "You feel no inner turmoil, no need to cast out the offending eye?" he says "I'm all right, suh. My eyes is all right too". Dr. Bledsoe didn't want Mr. Norton to see Trueblood-he is trying to keep the image of black society away from the downtrodden blacks. Thus, society is being kept hidden from Trueblood and Trueblood is being kept hidden from society. But, this aloofness is not without merits. Trueblood's remorse for his actions, and his belief that a "man don't leave his family" attest to his self-imposed morality. Morality formed without the benefit of a guiding society. This is just like the Invisible Man. He found his own morality after relinquishing societies guidelines. Trueblood also raises the issue of blindness to reality. He doesn't have sex with his daughter while fully conscious. Instead, he sleeps with her when he was dreaming. In this dream, he metaphorically describes his sexual experience: " I runs and runs till I should be tired but ain't tired but feelin' more rested as I runs... Only I'm still in the tunnel. Then way up ahead I sees a bright light like a jack-o-lantern over a graveyard. It gits brighter and brighter...it burst like a great big electric light in my eyes" (59). He doesn't realize he is having sex at all! He was completely oblivious to reality. He is in a dream state, where nothing that is happening is real. This is just like most of the Invisible Man's life.

Mentor Graphics :: essays papers

Mentor Graphics Objective To complete all aspects of the exercise regarding D type flip-flop, TTL and CMOS and to familiarize us with the HDL software which is Mentor Graphics. This software is capable of constructing and simulating a particular design. As for this assignment 1, we are given 4 weeks to complete the assignment. It is compulsory to attend every lab sessions as there is no alternative software to use. Only a certain limit of time is given for the use of the software and therefore designing of circuit is required to be completed before attending the lab. To give students a first-hand understanding of the EDA lab and most importantly Mentor Graphics, a powerful tool in HDL technology. This assignment allows the students to understand or rather familiarize themselves with the design flow of the EDA software and to fully explore what the software is capable and powerful to do. Lastly, to prepare the students for the next assignments which uses the similar software. Introduction – D(elay) Flip-Flop (What You Have to Know First!) The D flip-flop is useful when a single data bit (1 or 0) is to be stored. An additional inverter to the S-R flip-flop at the R input creates a D flip-flop. The D flip-flop shown below is a modification of the clocked SR flip-flop. The D input goes directly into the S input and the complement of the D input goes to the R input. If there is a HIGH on the D input when a clock pulse is applied, the flip-flop SETs and stores a 1. If there is a LOW on the D input when a clock pulse is applied, the flip-flop RESETs and stores a 0. The truth table below summarizes the operations of the positive edge-triggered D flip-flop. As before, the negative edge-triggered flip-flop works the same except that the falling edge of the clock pulse is the triggering edge. (a) Logic diagram with NAND gates (b) Graphical symbol InputsD CP(CLK) OutputsQ Q’ Comments 1 1 0 SET (stores 1) Mentor Graphics :: essays papers Mentor Graphics Objective To complete all aspects of the exercise regarding D type flip-flop, TTL and CMOS and to familiarize us with the HDL software which is Mentor Graphics. This software is capable of constructing and simulating a particular design. As for this assignment 1, we are given 4 weeks to complete the assignment. It is compulsory to attend every lab sessions as there is no alternative software to use. Only a certain limit of time is given for the use of the software and therefore designing of circuit is required to be completed before attending the lab. To give students a first-hand understanding of the EDA lab and most importantly Mentor Graphics, a powerful tool in HDL technology. This assignment allows the students to understand or rather familiarize themselves with the design flow of the EDA software and to fully explore what the software is capable and powerful to do. Lastly, to prepare the students for the next assignments which uses the similar software. Introduction – D(elay) Flip-Flop (What You Have to Know First!) The D flip-flop is useful when a single data bit (1 or 0) is to be stored. An additional inverter to the S-R flip-flop at the R input creates a D flip-flop. The D flip-flop shown below is a modification of the clocked SR flip-flop. The D input goes directly into the S input and the complement of the D input goes to the R input. If there is a HIGH on the D input when a clock pulse is applied, the flip-flop SETs and stores a 1. If there is a LOW on the D input when a clock pulse is applied, the flip-flop RESETs and stores a 0. The truth table below summarizes the operations of the positive edge-triggered D flip-flop. As before, the negative edge-triggered flip-flop works the same except that the falling edge of the clock pulse is the triggering edge. (a) Logic diagram with NAND gates (b) Graphical symbol InputsD CP(CLK) OutputsQ Q’ Comments 1 1 0 SET (stores 1)